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Programs and Services » TExES Special Education EC-12 Exam (161) » Domain I — Understanding Individuals with Disabilities and Evaluating Their Needs

Domain I — Understanding Individuals with Disabilities and Evaluating Their Needs

 
Competency #1
 
The special education teacher understands and applies knowledge of the characteristics and needs of students with disabilities.
 
A. Knows characteristics of individuals with different types of disabilities, including individuals with different levels of severity and multiple disabilities across eligibility categories, and analyzes the impact of various disabilities on learning and experience.
 
 
 

Outlines individual disabilities and descriptions under the framework of IDEA and contains an embedded link in each category to a more in-depth resource that includes early intervention information, FAQ sheets, personal insights, state service links, national services links, examples and strategies for school personnel, transition toolkits, and resources in Spanish.

B. Knows characteristics of individuals with different types of disabilities, including individuals with different levels of severity and multiple disabilities across eligibility categories, and analyzes the impact of various disabilities on learning and experience.
 

The IDEA and Texas Administrative Code (TAC) Provide Explanations of the criteria for disability condition determination and characteristics. 

 
      Texas SPED Support: Disability Conditions and Eligibility Definitions"
 

TEA, Services for Emergent Bilingual Students: Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students


This DHH document provides support and guidance for Emergent Bilingual Students. It includes the identification and referral process, instructional strategies, and English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPs) resource tools.

C. Knows how the developmental, academic, social, career and functional characteristics of individuals with disabilities relate to levels of support needed and applies knowledge of human development and disabilities to plan and implement appropriate curriculum. Knows theoretical explanations for behavioral disorders and analyzes the varied characteristics of behavioral disorders and their effect on learning.
 
 

The video discusses four key theorists in development: Freud, Erikson, Vygotsky, and Kohlberg. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes early childhood, while Erikson's psychosocial theory spans a lifetime. Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory focuses on social interaction, and Kohlberg's moral development theory explores moral reasoning. Each theory offers unique insights into human development.

 

Theories of Development

D. Knows the different ways that students with and without disabilities learn.
 

Piaget's cognitive development theory outlines four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage, occurring at different ages, represents unique ways children understand and interact with the world. Key concepts include object permanence, symbolic thinking, conservation, and abstract reasoning. This theory helps us understand how children's thinking evolves over time.

 

Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development

 

E. Applies knowledge of human development and the effects of various types of disabilities on developmental processes in order to identify the needs of individuals with and without disabilities. 
 

References multiple articles devoted to child development including specific conditions, child development basics, developmental screening, free materials, articles, positive parenting tips,  and research studies. Each section contains in-depth knowledge with additional hyperlinks for further research. 

F. Understands the effects of cultural and environmental influences (e.g., linguistic characteristics, socioeconomic issues, abuse/neglect, substance abuse) on the child and family.
 
 

This article contains information and resources regarding how socioeconomic status (SES) is relevant to all realms of behavioral and social science, including research, practice, education and advocacy.

G. Understands normal, delayed and disordered communication patterns, including non-symbolic communication, and the impact of language development on the academic and social skills of individuals with disabilities. 
 

TEA, "Communication: The Power of Communication for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders": Texas SPED Support

This webinar course focuses on essentials of communication. The ability to communicate is essential. This core deficit of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) must be addressed. Here you will learn about communication needs, strategies, and interventions. Case studies are provided covering students across the autism spectrum including non-verbal, emerging verbal and verbal communicators.

The Power of Communication with Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

TEA, "Connecting Communication and Instruction for Students with Complex Access Needs": Texas SPED Support

When developing or acquiring communication systems, careful consideration must be given to individual needs and contexts. Furthermore, a thorough investigation of various student response modes allows educators to tailor their approaches to best facilitate communication. By exploring diverse strategies for teaching these essential skills and actively connecting communication with instructional practices, educators can create more engaging and accessible learning environments that empower students to become confident and capable communicators.

Communication for students with complex needs

TEA, "Behavior is Communication": Texas SPED Support

When developing or acquiring communication systems, careful consideration must be given to individual needs and contexts. Furthermore, a thorough investigation of various student response modes allows educators to tailor their approaches to best facilitate communication. By exploring diverse strategies for teaching these essential skills and actively connecting communication with instructional practices, educators can create more engaging and accessible learning environments that empower students to become confident and capable communicators.

Behavior is Communication

H. Knows aspects of medical conditions affecting individuals with disabilities, including the effects of various medications on behavior and functioning and the implications of medical complications for student support needs (e.g., seizure management, tube feeding, catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]).
 

Articles devoted to Spina Bifida in school-aged children, including educational issues, academic and mobility, as well as 504 plans and IEP implications

 
Center for Disease Control and Prevention "Living with Spina Bifida"
 
 
 

Seizure training for school staff provides information, strategies and resources that will enable him/her to better manage students with seizures. (3 hour course). Free, sign up required.

 
Epilepsy Foundation "Seizure Training for School  Nurses"
I. Understands ways in which physical disabilities and health impairments relate to development and behavior, and knows the etiologies and effects of sensory disabilities and other conditions affecting individuals with disabilities.
 
 

Multiple articles devoted to inclusion of people with disabilities into everyday activities including practices and policies designed to identify and remove barriers such as physical, communication, and attitudinal that hamper individuals’ ability to have full participation in society, the same as people without disabilities.

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Competency #2
 
The special education teacher understands formal and informal assessment and evaluation procedures and knows how to evaluate student competencies to make instructional decisions.
A. Applies knowledge of basic terminology used in assessment and evaluation, the uses and limitations of various types of instruments and techniques and methods for monitoring the progress of individuals with disabilities.
 
TEA, "Data Collection: Trial by Trial Recording": Texas SPED Support

This data collection form is intended for use by teachers, paraprofessionals, and other service providers collecting data for student Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals and baseline data to determine a need for new/updated IEP goals or behavior intervention.  

Trial-by-trial data collection is used often for academic tasks. Record data for each opportunity, or trial, the student is given. The data may be reported in trials or in percentages, depending on how the goal is written. 

Data Collection: Trial by Trial Recording
B. Understands ethical concerns related to assessment and evaluation, including legal provisions, regulations and guidelines regarding unbiased evaluation and the use of psychometric instruments and instructional assessment measures with individuals with disabilities.
 

This article explains terms and conditions for evaluations, giving resources and explanations as well as considerations for biases and considerations for language, communication and culture.

 

This module in English and Spanish includes a slideshow presentation, a Trainers Guide explaining all the content and handouts for participants introduces the basic principals and requirements that schools must follow for evaluating children for the presence of a disability under the process outlined in IDEA. Note: The Slides may not download, however they are included in the PDF free download "complete guide".

Center for Parent Information and Resources "Module 9: Introduction to Evaluation under Part B of IDEA"
 
 
 

This module in English and Spanish is a continuation of the content downloaded in part 9 and includes a slideshow presentation, a Trainers Guide explaining all the content and handouts for participants introduces the basic principals and requirements that schools must follow for initial evaluations and reevaluations for students with disabilities. The handouts for Module 10 are included in a packet of handouts designed to cover the entire umbrella topic of Theme C, Evaluating Children for Disability. If you’ve downloaded the handouts for Theme C already (for example, if you’ve already downloaded all the materials for Module 9), you have the handouts you need for Module 10. If you haven’t downloaded any handouts for Theme C yet, here they are in 2 different formats and 2 different languages.

 
 

Resources and links to each phase of the assessment and evaluation process.

Center for Parent Information and Resources "Evaluating School-Aged Children for Disability"
 
 

This website site provides links to 20 types of academic achievement assessments along with a summary of each and gives resources for several evaluation categories with explanations and examples.

 
Texas Education Agency , Texas Statewide Leadership for Autism Training
 

An educational resource that focuses on the process used to determine a child’s specific learning strengths and needs, and establish whether or not a child is eligible for special education services. It includes previous and current issues of NASET"s articles related to assessment including introductions to assessments, identification of high risk students, referrals, parental consent, requirements of evaluations, comprehensive assessments, scoring terminology, student behaviors during assessments, components of a report, requirements of an IEP,  curriculum based measurements, assessments and accommodations, special education acronyms, tests of academic achievement, interpreting special education legal aspects, and sharing information with families. 

National Association of Special Education Teachers, Assessment in Special Education Series
F. Knows how to interpret and apply information from formal and informal assessment and evaluation instruments and procedures, including interpreting various types of scores (e.g., standard scores, percentile ranks, age/grade equivalents).
 
 

This handout will help the learner follow along with the Special Education Referral for Initial Evaluation Process-Guidance for Establishing Local Education Agency Procedures video.

Special Education Referral for Initial Evaluation Process-Guidance for Establishing Local Education Agency Procedures

TEA, "Guidance for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Specific Learning Disabilities": Texas SPED Support

 

This guidance document will assist LEAs in conducting comprehensive educational evaluations of students suspected of having an SLD; understanding the two methods of SLD identification; and providing information in the full and individual evaluation (FIE) that will assist ARD committees in their decision-making process.

 

TEA, "Guidance for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Specific Learning Disabilities":Texas SPED Support

 

 

G. Knows how to communicate assessment and evaluation results appropriately to individuals with disabilities, parents/guardians, administrators and other professionals.
 
 

High-quality assessments and the data insights they generate are powerful tools for educators to monitor students’ progress — and they can also offer valuable insights to families. After all, we know educators and families both play critical roles in driving student growth. However, communicating assessment results and their meaning to families can be challenging. This is especially true when it comes to standardized assessments that use complex systems to scale scores or measure against norm groups. This article highlights 5 ways to communicate results to stakeholders.
 
I. Knows how to design and use ecological assessments, portfolio assessments, task analyses and functional assessments (e.g., behavioral, social, communication) to accommodate the unique abilities and needs of individuals with disabilities.
 
TEA, "Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)":Texas SPED Support

 

Participants will be able to: Define functional behavior assessment Identify when to consider a functional behavior assessment Identify the steps for conducting a functional behavior assessment.
 
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

The purpose of this training is to give educators the information and tools needed to conduct meaningful transition assessments. Conducting age-appropriate transition assessments is the foundation for building quality transition services for students with disabilities.
 
TEA, "Conducting Necessary Post-Secondary Transition Assessments":Texas SPED Support
 
J. Applies skills for using assessment and evaluation information from various sources (e.g., teachers, other professionals, parents/guardians, individuals with disabilities) to make instructional decisions, plan effective programs for individuals with disabilities, including those from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds, and identify supports needed for integration into various program placements.
 
TEA, "Chapter 6: Assessments with Collaborative Instruction and Flexible Groupings (Educator)":Texas SPED Support

In this course, educators will explore how routine assessment is used to develop data-driven instruction and how collaborative instruction and flexible grouping strategies can promote regular assessment and progress monitoring. Educators will learn actionable steps to effectively implement assessments in collaborative settings.

Chapter 6: Assessments with Collaborative Instruction and Flexible Groupings (Educator)